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Culmback Dam
The Culmback Dam (also known as the George Culmback Dam or the Snoqualmie National Forest Dam) is a large rockfill hydroelectric and water supply dam on the Sultan River, a tributary of the Skykomish River, in Washington. Built in 1965,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Everett, Washington Water Supply- Culmback Dam )〕 the dam is long at the crest and high. Its reservoir, Spada Lake, provides water for 70 to 75 percent of Snohomish County, and the powerhouse downstream of the dam produces 112 megawatts. Some critics charge that the dam has strongly impacted the runs of salmon and other migratory fish in the Sultan River by depleting gravel and sediment needed to line the riverbed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Foundation for Water and Energy-Testing the waters )〕 The dam’s operator counters that Culmback Dam dramatically reduces flooding events, benefiting fish populations and the surrounding communities. The dam was named in honor of George Culmback, a former mayor of Everett.〔
The Dam is co-owned by the Snohomish County PUD and the City of Everett and is operated by the PUD. Water from Spada Lake is diverted through a pipeline to a powerhouse further downstream on the Sultan River. From the powerhouse, some water is returned to the river, and some is diverted to Lake Chaplain, where the water enters the Everett water supply system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Snohomish County PUD- Jackson Hydro Project )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=City of Everett Water Supply )〕
==Construction==
Prior to 1917 the City of Everett received its water supply from Woods Creek, a tributary of the Snohomish River. Because of increasing water needs of large paper mills and factories, the city switched its water supply to the Sultan River basin via the tributary Chaplain Creek. The Chaplain Reservoir was created in 1929 with the completion of an earthfill dam, and later raised in 1942. This supply proved insufficient as well, so engineers looked to tap the main stem of the Sultan River, where an excellent dam site had been identified.
The Culmback Dam was built in two stages, or phases. Phase 1, which began in 1960 and ended in 1965, involved building the dam to a height of , impounding a reservoir. The construction done during this phase served to replace the smaller, diversion dam downstream〔 on the Sultan River. Phase 2, completed in 1984, involved raising the dam to its present height, quadrupling the reservoir capacity. The second phase also included the pipeline connecting Spada Lake to a new hydroelectric powerhouse and from there to the Chaplain Reservoir.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History Lesson in Everett )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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